![]() ![]() In order to clearly establish the key of D major, one or more chords that contain the note G natural should be used before the pivot chord occurs, such as ii or IV. Any one of these could serve as the pivot chord in this modulation. Since these two keys differ by only one note (the note G natural in D major, G sharp in A major) there are four diatonic triads that are common to both keys: D major, f# major, A major, and b minor. The new key must be clearly establishedĪ typical simple example might be a modulation from a major tonic to the key of the dominant, for example, D major to A major. Sometimes there are two or more chords at this transition point that belong to both keys instead of just one.ģ. A pivot chord, which is analyzed in both keys, occurs as a transition from the original key to the new key. The original key must be clearly established for the listenerĢ. There are three things that have to occur to have a good common chord modulation:ġ. Often the common chord is diatonic, but chromatic common chords can also be used, and are especially useful when the composer wishes to effect a modulation to a more distant tonality. This chord with dual identities is called the pivot chord. The common chord modulation is the most common type of modulation, where a chord in the original key also functions as a chord in the new key, and is used at the moment of transition from one key to the other. ![]() Often the tonal structure of the work will be part of its formal structure, such as a piece in sonata form, where the appearance of the second theme is usually identified with the point of arrival of the modulation to the new key. But sometimes an abrupt change of key may occur without any warning, or possibly the new key will be distant from the original one so that the musical effect is very striking.Īfter the section in the new key, and possibly additional excursions to other keys, most pieces return to end in the original key. Often modulations occur smoothly, that is to say, a certain amount of musical time is taken to effect the transition and the new key is closely related to the original one so that the ear is not jarred significantly. Modulation is the musical act of changing from one key to another. ![]()
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